肿瘤细胞最重要的生物学特征是无限制的快速增殖，为了满足其快速增殖的需要，肿瘤细胞表现出与正常细胞不同的代谢特征。早在1924年Otto Warhurg就发现肿瘤细胞在葡萄糖的利用上与正常细胞不同，即肿瘤细胞更喜欢将葡萄糖进行糖酵解转变为乳酸，而不是像正常细胞那样经三羧酸循环（TCA cycle）由线粒体氧化磷酸化产生三磷酸腺苷（ATP），即使在氧气充足的情况下也是如此。最早对此现象的解释是Warburg本人于1956年提出，而后来研究者发现在大多数肿瘤细胞中线粒体的功能并未受损，说明Warburg现象是由其他原因造成的。随着人们对肿瘤研究的逐步深入，肿瘤细胞的代谢途径以及调控已经得到初步阐明。

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